Intersil donated to the american university of wafer fabrication facilities in - China Video Baluns

World-Wide extra tall-general analogue semiconductor version furthermore production innovator Intersil Organization (Dow jones International Obtain Business with the ticker ticker: ISIL) presently will be very happy to file that a lot of, might a high-techie semiconductor wafer fabrication capability, with the snag generously donated to your Higher Education of all Core Louisiana (UCF) together with presume the initial utilizing price ranges.

Gift included in the list of 100,494 sq . ft . (close to 9336 sq . yards), particularly ergonomic office structures, manufacturing schools and consequently pure areas, and as a consequence 5 miles (2 hectares) about country, could be become as many as 13 million Oughout.S. hard cash. Therefore, Intersil can provide arrest business, and also further responsibilities used in the flower inside, College Or University attached to Major Sarasota (UCF) inside first three years associated operating spending, therefore , the university find every paws can be often a "turnkey" regimens.

Intersil's CEODaveBell identified: "Intersil is normally pretty pleased to present our methods wafer manufacturing feature passed on up to the Unites States, one of the major firms better tutoring. Thinks which North America Or Even of most Single Sarasota (UCF) for put used since instruction in addition to the review focus PalmBay, as neighboring communities getting huge-techie manufacturing incubator "

UCF's vp, basic research while commercialization MJSoileau agreed: "This Amazing monetary gift might advance increase the Or Even with California (UCF) as associated with city throughout remarkable techniques as well make trades expansion reputation so feature. Experts can be helpful assemble typically the computer industry commerce through research range a new lengthy so , who invented, Intersil's beneficiant monetary gift definitely will let american to raised think of yourself as finance catalyst. "Soileau acknowledged an As Well As College from Main Sarasota (UCF) will , no doubt supply any catch intended for Intersil creativity but also degree site because helping the U . S into University Or College in Arizona (UCF) for the superior-technology farms, specially in the field of microelectronics preserve its just uniqueness direction in neuro-scientific education level.

Fl SpaceCoast's Business Benefits Committee Chairman CEOLyndaWeatherman described, Intersil's gift on to the SpaceCoast in addition California the excellent have an impact. Your Darling claims, "U . S Citizens Higher Education concerning Principal Arizona (UCF) with regard to examination then technology within the notable, and that monetary gift help to make the actual increased position and as well , brand augmentation. This would get exposure for generally store our own excessive-mechanic profession to draw in yet develop considerable-specialist markets. Many Of a great deal of savor all generosity concerning Intersil, they may surprisingly expertise in higher education the vital function in the game to income tendency. "

Wafer fabs will definitely be HarrisSemiconductor build on the inside 1977, to every one formulating conveniences last year, Intersil definitely will mix inside shrub before the plant may well be Intersil semiconductor wafer manufacturing amenities within the establishment. The rose during Intersil's signal is without a doubt "Fab54", previously used in making your state and federal government, protection and so distance campaigns automated tour, regarding telecommunications systems, cellular marketing and sales communications or spheres connected analog and additionally paired-passcode cash.

Intersil continues to PalmBay manufacturing unit output of advanced semiconductor health supplements such as a the main production build. PalmBay tree has relevant to 550 sales staff all over design, making combined with treatment stuff.

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Asynchronous design of integrated circuits

Many modern integrated circuits are sorted on the basis of a globally distributed regular timing signals called hours. This way of sorting, synchronous, dominant and has contributed to the remarkable progress in the semiconductor industry in the form of the density and speed in recent decades. For the trend to continue as proposed in Moore's law, the number of transistors on a chip doubles about every two years, with the increase complexity requirements a circuit and transistor decline.How the sector monitors these factors, many of the problems associated with switching delay, complexity of the Administration and the distribution of hours due to a limitation of the performance of synchronous system with an acceptable level of reliability. As a result, the draft synchronous system is challenged on the foreseeable progress in technology equipment.These concerns and other factors caused a resurgence in interest in the design of asynchronous or self-timed circuits that achieve a sort of global data. Synchronization between circuit elements instead, is achieved through local shake based on the generation and detection of signals the request and confirmation.Listed below are some of the important benefits of asynchronous circuits over their synchronous counterparts: | the average-case performance. Synchronous circuits must wait until all the calculations can be completed before the results, thereby getting the worst performance. In asynchronous circuits system senses when the counting has completed the limpets of the average-case performance. For circuits such as the ripple carry Adders with significantly worst delay than the average case of delay, it can be a huge savings in time. * design flexibility and reduce costs, with a higher level of logic design from the lower timing design | separation of the timing of the functional correctness in certain types of asynchronous design styles limpets insensitivity delay deviation in the layout of the design, the production process and operating environments * asynchronous circuits consume less energy than synchronous because the signal transitions are found only in the areas involved in the current computation. * clock skew problem in synchronous circuit is excluded in the asynchronous circuit, given that there is no global clock for distribution. Clock skew, the difference in the time of the arrival of the clock signal at different parts of the circuit, is one of the main problems in synchronous design as a function of the size of transistors continues to decrease.Asynchronous circuits is not entirely new theory and practice. It was investigated by the early 1940s, when the focus was mainly on the mechanical relays and vacuum tubes technologies. These studies have led two major theoretical models (models Huffman and Muller) in the 1950s. Since then, the area of asynchronous circuits through the number of cycles of high interest is the huge amount of work, accumulated. Problems switching of danger, and the order of operations in the beginning of a comprehensive asynchronous circuits, however, led to his replacement of synchronous circuits. Since then, the synchronous design proved computer generation style with almost all of the third (and subsequent) is the predominant design based on synchronous timing system.Despite the current unpopularity of asynchronous circuits, in the production of mainstream commercial chip and some of the issues that have already been stated above an asynchronous design is an important research area. At least with a combination of synchronous circuits promises to go next-generation chip architecture, which would have been to achieve the highly reliable, high performance computing in the 21st century.Asynchronous circuit design follows the flow of the design established by the hardware, which includes in the order: item specifications of systems, system design, circuits, layout, verification, production and testing, but with major differences in concepts. We handle it is impractical nature of designing an asynchronous system based on an ad-hoc fashion. Using clocks in synchronous systems, less emphasis is placed on the dynamic state of the circuit, while the asynchronous Designer in charge of the above dangers and order of operations. This makes it impossible to use the same design technology in synchronous design for asynchronous design.Asynchronous circuit design begins with a few assumptions about the gate and wire delays. It is very important that the designer of the chip, examines and verifies the prerequisite for equipment technology, production process, and operating environment, which may have an effect on the layout of the delays in the system throughout its lifetime. On the basis of this assumption, many theoretical models of asynchronous circuits have been identified.There is a delay insensitive model, in which the correct operation of the circuit is independent of the delay in the gates and wires attached to the gate, provided that the delay is limited, and positive. The speed of the independent model developed by D.E. Muller assumes that a delay is limited, but unbounded, while there is no delay in the wires. Another is Huffman model, which assumes that delay gates and wires are demarcated and the upper bound is known.For many practical circuit models, these models are limited. For the examples in this debate, quasi delay insensitive (QDI), which is a combination of an insensitive presumption the delays and presumption of isochronic fork, use. It is expected that the relative delay between the two wires is less than the delay through a series of gates. It assumes that the door to arbitrary delays and has only a relative timing assumptions on the propagation delay of certain signals that the fan-out to multiple gateways.Over the years, scientists have developed a method for the synthesis of whose correct operation is independent of the delay of the gate and allowed multiple simultaneous switching signals asynchronous circuits. VLSI calculations are modeled using the communication processes Hardware (CHP) schemes, which describe the behavior of the algorithmically. QDI circuits are synthesized from these programs by using the semantics of the conservation of the transform.In conclusion, as the trend to continue to build highly reliable, high performance computing in the 21st. century, asynchronous design promises a dominant role.

Picture from Germany!

Several years of German culture introduced me to many of the rituals, traditions and common activities. I think this is the right time to share some of my personal observations. As the basic legislation in the country stresses on the "freedom of speech and human rights," Germany is the country with 100% independent, full of colourful life and safe for human rights.Here are some of the factors which encouraged me to highlight,-independent living: life without the stress of political parties, free from terrorism, without the restriction of social and religious. What to convey is that I'm a Muslim and I want to live life independently of the Islamic-Islamic standards-the key to control itself.-the first impression is the last impression: when I landed in Frankfurt and Bielefeld traveled to middle of the night the full moon, I was impressed by the safe drive and personal safety was my first that lives in Germany.-the availability of basic equipment and human needs, regardless ofwhere she lives. Even in small villages and medium-sized cities with a population of 100 000 people are available for all the basic needs. Electricity, phone and link to the major cities also attract me in traffic regulation, which gave me the feeling to go with high rate. In fact, it is the second best "observable", in my view, which I noticed in my life in Germany. Youth in General, shall be governed by the procedures and the licence at the age of 17. With the price of a valuable and powerful driving tests that paves the importance of traffic rules in their minds, the probability of an accident have been reduced in Germany. The opportunities for work and study found here equally to all human beings. Human rights given by the "somehow" Most priority. A good multicultural picture can be seen in almost all towns, where the University is located, or the developed society. -good consideration for nature, parks and public entertainment places and healthy activity can be seen everywhere. Regular updating of the "Green" is over. Almost all medium scale town has good "natural Park" for physical activity such as jogging, monitor or exercise. Usually said in German "Spazieren gehen", which means to go to the dance. -Advanced and balanced education system: here I'd like to add my personal analysis shortly. The study of the early schools up to universities is quite melírovaný forms of life. Compulsory subjects are chosen so that in the future they can be oriented and successfully achieved. -some errors in the German social system, provoke me sometimes, but every social system so it doesn't matter. "Necessary evil", which cannot be avoided is a complete freedom of expression. Well, on the one hand, it is encouraging because it provides the freedom of expression and calls on your right but the respect of parental and family values are on the other side seemingly lost [link Bild newspaper on 15 March 2007). Anyway, it's my personal analysis better not write now (it will be in the next articles). In a few lines, you can conclude that it should be a little "leadership and patrol" policy, such as the police to control road traffic offences; Similarly, there should be some indications of depiction well shaped personality. For example, the application of the prohibition of smoking in the Office and public meetings is an encouraging step in the European Union, and so on-for the young generation and media I think it better not to say something. Just need time to grow up in good-developed-nature-summer in Germany is the duration, which favors German many times. Holiday, Sun, riding a motorcycle, long drive and complete the look of their world life often seen here and there. People throughout the year and then when it's summer, empty your pockets in the view of the beautiful nature, somehow God's creation to save! Excuse me, but keep in mind that most statistics for the separation, divorce and failures in the systems life happens in the summer time. -the most common celebrations in Germany are the October festival, Carnival, the Berlin Love Parade, Easter (well, its common everywhere) and many regional celebrations. The main purpose of this is to put together and with good conversation and drinking alcohol. -common life style, which I watched the couple married after having a long time relationships. Due to some facts to separate or divorce and begin to live with the new ones. "Mother" she lives with another man somehow happier life, who would not like to live with the first! (reason and explanation will be the subject of my next articles in The Y-Series). Maintain domestic animals dogs, cats, hamsters, mice, spiders, Guinea pigs, rabbits ... etc equivalent and be careful as human beings in their homes. Now days, beautiful baby bear named "Knut", is the largest center of their attractiveness.At least but not last, it is a good atmosphere for each of the learning and open mind, not only in certain aspects of life as an educational-technology or a different culture, etc-but also to the earlier religions such as Christianity. One can follow the purity, the change or deviation in religions, by comparing the different schools of thought. The only thing that needs attention and care is to be patient and friendly relationship to each other; This is the lesson that I learned here in Germany.

Y-series How To Think Positive - Optimism - Part I

Introduction and scenarioSince the dawn of the time human being has been trying to adopt the measures for his self-safety. He started realizing and finding an optimized suitable shelter while living in the woods, jungles, Forests Mountains, dark caves. He jumped the basic evolutionary steps from the primitive culture to the current modern civilisation like we observe today. A survey of the past also depicts us somehow that the adoption to the hard conditions of environment and harsh conditions were somehow difficult to survive comfortably at that time.Based on the mental evaluation, a good part of ones personality is his intellectual statement to pursue. It is ones motto and is a tracking job finding each day with an interest to learn more. This mission of a person is setup by his priorities and needs. Once he understands the meaning of the daily works, he gets the things done in an orderly manner. For that he has to struggle - attempts achieving the desires or wants.OptimismThe philosophy behind optimism is to uncover the positive aspects of the situation in daily life. The problems or incidents leading one to a sever case of inter-actionably activities lead the person to the way of hopefulness, confidence and strong motivated. It is somehow analogically said, that every dark evening has a bright morning. When somebody is making a journey to any destination he prepares himself and thinks well enough before start. The same is true for the optimist, he also take well consideration over any matter in his life. There is no problem with its solution in the world. So the matter is only to find it and logically explain that alternative way or clarification. With hopeful, live, regenerative ideas.In other way to understanding the positive meaning of any section of ones life is to get a: the appropriate interpretation of that situation b: to satisfy the person involved, c: the correct and fruit-able result somehow. Optimist person gains experience while communicating with several people with different backgrounds on seeking the solution of any sort of the coming problem. It is a beneficial process of with gain, lightening oneself with the desires to help the people around. Examining the constructive sides surrounds a personality and shapes it into an "all rounder"! The polite mannerism eases a harmonious life of an optimist.In the historyOlden times indicate that the great thinkers, philosophers, poets, scientists, artists and famous leaders were optimistic. They were not only "constructive pointer" but also law-givers, reformers and discoverers in their findings. Their life sketches found in the history books exhibits somehow that they were really contented and hopeful in their mission. Once they institute the reality of their significant work or thoughts they stroke the hot iron and shaped into the picture which they had dreamed of...Take the brilliant examples of Prophet Moses, David, Jesus - (Peace be upon them), noteworthy example is the last prophet Muhammad (571- 632, Saudi Arab), what they did was to direct the human being to the road of brightness and righteousness - in deed philosophy of optimistic nature! Helen Keller (1880-1968, America) once remarkably said about optimism "keep your face to the sunshine and you won't see the shadow". How realistic view point is! Actually, if one implements such an easy, straightforward and applicable strategies and prepares himself looking only the bright aspects of his life, the consequences and composing would bring a lot different results - heroic historic records are the model full with.Keeping the same lines extended to past, the wisdom is contented with the contributed work of the great people. For instance, Khalil Gibran (1883-1931, Lebanon) beautifully contributed into the bank of knowledge by commenting, "The optimist sees the rose and not the thorns; and the pessimist stares at the thorn, oblivious of the rose".Sometimes the same situations occur in our lives. We become overruled by certain mind-blinding conditions when the bright part of the picture becomes unclear to us. Actually at that time we visualize the picture with the personal biased attitude. We vote the circumstance according to our mental affection. Exactly at this point we need a gaslight - brain widener - in order to enhance our horizon of spiritual and mental visibility. This is optimism. The disappointing cases are similar to observe the panorama by an optical glass filter. Of course, one perceives only the green-view if the optical filter is polarized to green. But one needs a complete natural sight with all the colours of life...To be continued!

Domestic lithium cell profit is only 7%- 10% of the experiences develop the bottleneck

Mr. Cao of China Battery Industry Association shows, carries on stored energy at the time of the low ebb of electricity consumption, release the electric energy at the time of the crest value, the connecting effectively of intellectual electric wire netting and lithium cell, it is the most efficient mode of utilization of resources

The data display of State Bureau of Quality Testing, at present, lithium cell that China is the maximum of the world produces the manufacture base, the second largest lithium cell producing country and exporter, market share that the lithium-battery products have already accounted for 40% in the world. In only 2009, will export and can charge 3,269 million lithium cells, total export is 1,081 million dollars at home, export 75,980,000 disposable lithium cells, total export is 508 million dollars. Moreover, this group of figures are here with 20%& mdash every year from 2006 to the present; 30% of the speeds increase.

This hard-earned market share of our country would be spoken of since 1998. At that time, the research institute of power of Tianjin had just begun the attempt of industrialization of lithium cell, today has already been " The richest " BYD Wang biography good fortune 2000 determine to march into by lithium-battery at the time of the fields, be must go to Japan to buy by apparatused. But compared with it, the study on lithium cell of western developed country can trace back to Edison times.

Chinese consumers begin with the mobile phone to the cognition of lithium cell, because have, it, " The mobile telephone " Could hold on pocket carrying in hand, while the volume decrease, have long standby time also. In fact, lithium cell has more brilliant achievements, for example, the pacemaker because uses lithium inferior galvanic battery, having just had a characteristic of low, mild in discharge voltage self-discharge rate, make the human long term administration of implantation of artificial pacemaker become possible.

Today, with the development of microelectronic technology, miniaturization apparatus increases day by day, mobile phone, notebook computer, electric tool, street lamp back up supply, portable lamp, family expenses light electric apparatus first-class, etc, see the figure of lithium cell everywhere. Lithium cell, according to light and handy, can charge repeatedly, the pollution-free (cadmium excluding the heavy metal) large in reserves Co dominant, eliminate nickel-cadmium, nickel-hydrogen the intersection of battery and technology rapidly, monopolize the market the intersection of Ao and hair.

Lithium cell develops the bottleneck

Like a lot of industries in extensive economy in the past, the magic weapon that Chinese lithium cell can capture the international market rapidly is the low cost too. The U.S. government of what is as to this has no way out even arranges out some " Lithium cell needs to pack according to the dangerous cargo " Trick,manage to last cost sum threshold. Go, ignore how do mischief stranger, the intersection of Chinese and in short ten over year develop fast, lithium cell for the moment, have more or less hard wound too oneself.

Mr. Cao of China Battery Industry Association tells reporter of " daily report of the securities ", " The material which bypasses lithium cell talks to fabrication facilities no, the engineering level of lithium cell of our country is and synchronous in the world, we are just development of several decades, so this point is worth propagating. But prove, in such aspects as engineering level and fabrication facilities, we are led by the nose by the other countries at the same time. "

As far as reporter know, if the problem exists in fabrication facilities and technological process, our country can also rely on and import and half an artificial way is solved, even if is the great amount of import equipment cost, can still rely on cheap staff costs to carry on the stand thinly. In material for producing lithium cell, if diaphragm, battery appearance steel shell ram materials etc. to also depend on import, not only the cost grows, and is situated in the other countries, give some imported materials with low quality and open the hole even more suddenly, influence the brand image of Chinese lithium cell conversely finally.

In addition, because there are few independent brands of the little electronic product, lithium cell enterprises serve more overseas customers, so each adjustment of customer's products, the lithium cell manufacturing enterprise of our country must change and produce the collinear relevant standard, and requirements in the overseas company are all very harsh in many aspects. New energy Company of the sail of Baoding (the only wholly-owned constituent company of storage battery of sail) Pan Jing, assistant manager of market department, tells reporter of " daily report of the securities ", " The customer's requirement must be observed, our company nearly passes all international current authentication standards. "

Even so, comprehensive international standard, importing the factor in many aspects such as materials, engineering level,etc., , low priced primary impression that lithium cell of China gives somebody the low-end. Pan Jing has calculated an account for the reporter, " A electric core in the type of notebook computer lithium cell 18650, Samsung can be sold for 3.65 dollars, and the enterprises of our country are only sold for 1.8 dollars, profit that Chinese enterprises produce such a electric core can only reach 7%& mdash at most; 10%, by contrast, can think of but the cicada at three stellar profits. "

In bottleneck of one's own development of lithium cell, Mr. Cao says for example, " Wind-powered electricity, photovoltaic have very high expectations for material of lithium cell, such as able to bear the high temperature behavioring under the desert environment, and then electric low temperature resistant characteristic of wind such as the offshore. " Pan Jing tells reporters too, " The acclimation of lithium cell is & mdash 20 degrees below zero; 60 degrees, the temperature difference reaching the North of our country and southern, will play some influence on own characteristic of the products specifically. " Meanwhile, broad market to the intersection of lithium cell and volume, charge ability, charge ability, get rigorous standard out of fast repeatedly, and just met lithium cell after the requirements for volume, volume of little electronic product, at once must compliance the developments of market demand,getting which promote a series more of fast for technical indicator, this itself is a great difficult problem. 1 2More information can be found article-top at

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CPS The World Leader in AlSiC Products Now Offers Pin Fin Coolers for Hybrid Electric Vehicle IG

High reliability, CTE compatibility, and light weight, along with strength, and stiffness are key factors in the design of coolers for power modules in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) applications. CPS AlSiC coolers meet this challenge with optimum thermal performance and consistent reliability throughout the application life cycle. Liquid cooling is the most effective way to dissipate heat (1 - 2KW) in HEV power module applications. CPS AlSiC coolers cost effectively offer the pin fin geometries that are required for effective liquid cooling. In addition, CPS AlSiC coolers provide an isotropic thermal expansion that is compatible with device/electronic substrate to reduce mechanically induced stresses during power thermal cycling for improved electronics and module reliability. The AlSiC device compatible thermal expansion (8 ppm/°C) simplifies IGBT assembly compared to Cu pin fin coolers (17 ppm/°C) thermal expansion, eliminating the need for stress compensation layers that increase thermal resistance, assembly complexity and module cost.

AlSiC is a lightweight material (1/3 that of Cu), which makes it an ideal cooler material for the weight-sensitive hybrid electric (HEV), electric vehicle (EV) application and in kinetic energy recovery systems (KERS). AlSiC also has higher strength and stiffness than Cu, which, combined with its lightweight nature, makes AlSiC coolers more tolerant of shock and vibration.

The CPS AlSiC fabrication process efficiently produces both the composite material and fabricates the product geometry in one process step. CPS can work with customers to provide designs that are fabricated to shape requiring no finished machining for very cost effective cooler production.

About CPS Technologies Corporation

CPS Technologies Corporation is the worldwide leader in the design and high-volume production of metal matrix composites. CPS uses a net-shape fabrication process, including patented QuickSet„¢ injection molding and QuickCast„¢ infiltration. AlSiC components are used in applications in the wireless communications infrastructure, high-performance microprocessor, motor controller, and other microelectronic markets. CPS is a publicly traded company (symbol -œCPSH-). CPS' customers include TI, Motorola, HP, Infineon, Agilent and Amkor. For more information on CPS' AlSiC components, contact Mark Occhionero marco@alsic.com at 1 (508) 222-0614 x 242 or Samuel Hopp shop@alsic.com at 1 (508) 222-0614 x 242 at or visit www.alsic.com.

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Introduction to Microelectronics

Microelectronics products are ubiquitous. Simply, they are everywhere and the applications cut across industries. There seems to be no field where the technology has not transformed. In the pyramid of technology creation, microelectronics is positioned at the upstream level. Its advancements affect other technologies. It is safe to say that if there is no innovation in microelectronics, the ICT industry will stall and will eventually fade in style. The products come in various sizes and forms, the unnoticeable motor controller in the 'toy train' to the sophisticated microchips deployed in critical life saving tools used in hospital operating rooms.Microelectronics industry (or better, electronics industry) has evolved over many decades. The era of vacuum tubes before Shockley invented the transistor at Bell Labs. The era of using discrete components-using (external) wires to join capacitors, resistors, diodes and other components together to form circuit. The problems and limitations of these 'mouse-trap' circuit boards were obvious. With those wires, the problems of noise (capacitive, inductive, etc) are exacerbated. The result was low performance electronic systems.Around 1957, a Texas Instrument engineer, Jack Kilby, figured out how to make circuits without the need of using these external wires that degrade performance. He was able to help introduce a way to make all the components, resistors, transistors, capacitors, etc on the same die (substrates or simply a piece of processed silica where the circuit patterns are formed, cut them apart and you have chips). In other words, he integrated the processes of making all the components used in making circuits and eliminated the need of making them separately (as in discrete systems) and then having to solder them together with wires later. His idea, gave him a Nobel Prize, transformed the electronic industry.Not only did his idea help the improvement of performance, it also reduced the cost of making the systems. It makes sense since all the components could be fabricated virtually at the same 'time' with better control on process, technology and other issues which could deviate from time to time if all the units have to be made individually. Also, the products become more compact as all the components are 'one' and packaged alike. In most cases, the cost of developing one IC (integrated circuit) that contains 100 components could compete with the cost of developing one component. Before integration, that will be 100x cost.Kilby's invention helped advanced the field and gave us a new industry, microelectronics. The change from electronics to microelectronics has to do with the small dimensions of the components which are used in engineering the systems. Transistor dimensions are usually given in microns (10^-6). We are moving into the nanometer regime right now as in few years, the dimensions will be primarily dominated in the nanometer regime for state of the art designs. Nanoelectronics! Sounds familiar?Nonetheless, let us not get carried away by history. With the advent of integrated circuits, and subsequent development of CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) technologies, there has been remarkable success in the number of application specific integrated chips (ASIC). (Let me explain in steps: CMOS is a type of transistor that works on filed effect dynamics (more on this later). ASIC is a type of chip or microchip that is designed with a specific function or application in mind; contracts with field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) which can be programmed for many different applications). Interestingly, FPGA or programmable controllers have integrated circuits that enable them to be used. The design of integrated circuit is exciting, but it is extremely knowledge-intensive. It requires mastery.Integrated circuits are circuits that could contain millions of transistors and other circuit elements on a single die (a piece of silicon that contains active devices and input and output interfaces). They are made on special materials called semiconductors with silicon and gallium arsenide (GaAs) the most common. Its evolution is a major milestone in the history of modern industry as it has driven a revolution in computing capability due to a long trend in performance, density gains, and cost with scaling.Remarkably, these circuits could be made using different technologies. But over time, CMOS has become the industry de-facto and the most prevalent method of choice. Its major advantages over other technologies are its ease of integration of circuit components and low static power consumption. This is the main technology used to make analog-to-digital converters, micro-controllers, FPGA (an integrated circuit that contains an array of identical cells with programmable interconnections), microprocessors and host of others that are used while developing entertainment hardware. Its continuous improvements has driven reduction in size of game gadgets, better performance, more efficient battery management for battery operated devices, cost as well as hardware ergonomics.Integrated circuit could be digital, analog or mixed signal (a combination of both analog and digital). While the digital chip involves designing at logic levels of 1 and 0, the analog is based on continuous signal. Besides, sequencing and communication synchronization on chip could be done by use of globally distributed clocks for synchronous designs or local handshaking variables for asynchronous designs. Between these two methods, the former is the more common method. However, issues like switching delay, complexity management and clock distributions, which may place limitation on synchronous chip performance with an acceptable level of reliability as technology is scaled down, had stimulated interests in the study of asynchronous systems.Asynchronous chips are known as self timed circuits since they do not use clocks but rather use local variables that perform the functions of handshaking requests and acknowledgements. Design of asynchronous digital system involves an entirely different concept when compared to synchronous design. The idea of clockless system introduces so many design parameters, which must be tracked as the requests, and acknowledgements signals are generated and routed. The initial stage of asynchronous system development would interest a computer scientist because of enormous digital "coding" that describes level of system abstraction.

Y-Series - The Two Nation Theory and its Critical Model in our Modern Time

For a couple of years I have been living in Germany, observing its culture, rituals, fashions, lifestyles, religion, thinking of its people and trends, etc. Before I came here, I was brought up in a country which is remarked by the people here and all over the world as somehow a land of terror, fundamentalism, etc. Pakistan. But the reality is contrary to what is known by the partial media.The Two Nation Theory is a principal concept which was originated by reformer Sir Syed Ahmad Khan (1817-1898) in Subcontinent. It was the period (1600-1947) when The English were still exploiting the resources of the beautiful land called "Golden Sparrow". The self awakening and Islamic identification in South Asian Muslim caused a realization of a hard life between Muslim and non-Muslim civilizations and sensed by this great reformer and led to produce Two nation theory. He pivoted at that time concluding that these two nations namely Muslim and Hindu can not live together. The differences in living, thinking, and food, performance of prayer, religion and definition of righteousness, etc... were the basic clauses of the theory. All these articles were based on Islam and Hinduism; and originated the two nation theory. In deed, this was not a new idea; for ages it has been clearly known that a day is separated by night; white is clear from dark, greenery and panoramic views fascinate rather barren and deserts; a clean and unclean can not be regarded as the same; a wise and ignorant can not be respected equally.Anyway in our modern age, the 21 century, same model prevails in different forms. We can divide the up-to-date and so-called civilized nations into two majors. Religious and non religious! I would take one example of religious group - Muslim - and Christian! One can categorized them as two nations in the theory. To model a simplest assumption in the theory is that they can not live together harmoniously. Second, if there are some who try to integrate themselves into Islamic patterns then they have to be completely committed and ready to serve only to Allah, which is seen very difficult for the people of free and liberal countries!In fact, how comes the inspiration to think that the fire and water can be united. People loving animals, which is agreeable up to a limit, and rejecting completely the human feelings and then thinking of the fact that they are on the right path and their God - Allah - will exonerate their sins. Openly saying, it is somehow a deal within them and God to judge but what if you know the right path and there is complete code written and revealed to us to follow! How foolish are even those thoughts for which the previous scriptures and the Quran had been revealed in full path, the light, the codes of life, and the patterns of one happier life, the examples to understanding, the wisdom, the respect and guidance. I would like to recommend some of the people who sometimes wonderfully question me about extrication in Islam, just read between the lines, and go through the translated version of the Holy Quran if you can not understand Arabic. Nevertheless, if they think it to be difficult for them to understand, and then take their own books, Bible ... every verse is full of Human dignity and love for the mankind and to worship only ONE GOD - Allah! But I am really surprised to see the contrasting effects.It is sometimes astonishing to me when I watch some documentary programs on the TV in Europe. People cry and march out if an animal is maltreated or slaughtering in Islamic or biblical way for the eatable animal (I am personally a vegetarian out of certain principles of Islam while living in Germany)... and laughing or enjoying when they have prohibited relations before marriage or promote the adultery and nakedness - a cause to adultery - thinking it is not a sin! Really I don't understand why such people become so blind to judge the way of living! Well, the reason is clear somehow because of "the two Nation Theory". The blind can't see and the observer can't describe the true image of the view to the blind. It's only the matter of understanding and feeling himself alone. Out of principles the two nations can never exist together in peaceful until the one with wrong side crosses and come to the right, accepting from the bottom of ones heart, leaving one 's self behind.Well, one can understand after summing up the statistics of the interfaith marriages. Mostly they collapse because one or the both fall into the clauses of the two nation theory. Both think that they are on the right deeds, indeed without any strong principle. It has been seen that "Women with dog searching for a man with heart" are somehow blamed for the whole catastrophe but I would say it takes two to make a fight!As an example of the two nations theory, in the interfaith marriages in Europe the husband is professed or by-name Muslim whereas the beloved one is either Atheist, Christian or becomes so-called converted Muslim in order to marry him. Both "love" each other in the beginning and after a while when the husband observes that the Islamic principles are not obeyed, and his consciousness awakes about Allah, there become circumstances leading to live separate. The religion of the converted one becomes useless and a matter of laugh only! The husband comes stronger in Islam, encourages others the teaching and contracts of Islam in order to bring happiness in their lives.The first wife either returns to her past life of "freedom" as seen often in Europe or after a couple of years of her free-life about which to press the keyboard of my notebook feels shame...she starts again in search of "a true love". The history continues again and again many times with her! The sense to sin in this part of the world is somehow suppressed by the wrong teaching in religion schools. Well, I had personally noticed by visiting some Christian school of thoughts that they are somehow delivering the lessons perfectly according to Biblical commandments, but the implementation and application of those laws is very week because of the government is only in favor of total personal freedom and independent life. Once I read an American published book, "Jesus Christ: The Real Story" where it was written that Mahatma Gandhi once said, "Jesus I like, but I don't know about His followers."Anyway! Least but not the last, the two nations theory exists no matter it is old age, middle or so-called our modern and civilized period of time. This will continue till the Day of Judgment when Allah will hold accountability for the deeds which we do in this world. The question is only to understand a: peace, b: rights and duties in the home, c: stickiness to the religion without any doubt or examination and your marital duties.

synthetic silicon germanium the new. Government Energy is a scam

Most people have heard the term silicon wafer, but unless you are a science or Information Technology professional, you will be forgiven for not knowing what a silicon wafer is. This type of device is most common in the fields of IT, physics and chemistry and known to professionals such as physicists and chemists. The silicon wafer processing is an interesting one. Technically, this device is a thin, circular disc used in the manufacture of integrated circuits and semiconductors. There are other types such as synthetic synthetic silicon germaniumand SOI, which is silicon on insulator. These types are used in electronics, which require careful manufacturing to ensure high levels of efficiency.

Although the device is tiny, the manufacturing process is tedious and complicated. It is comprised of several sequential processes that are repeated in order to complete photonic or electrical circuits. Examples of their use include the production of central processing units for computers, optical components of computers, LEDs, and radio frequency amplifiers. During fabrication, the appropriate electrical structures are placed within the synthetic silicon germaniumwafers.

Extensive work precedes the production and several important steps are to be followed preceding the manufacture. In itself, silicon is a unique element, due to its capacity to conduct both electricity and heat in a way that is very controlled. It is otherwise known as a semiconductor. These wafers can become efficient materials in the electronic sphere when they undergo processes such as photolithography and fabrication.

In microelectronics, these wafers are used in creating microchips or integrated circuits. The manufacturer of chips takes great care of many processes such as selecting the most reliable supplier to ensure efficient devices. Top consumer electronics and information technology companies have used SOI wafers to produce their microprocessors. Solar energy technology also uses synthetic silicon germanium, silicon and SOI wafers to create solar cells.

Electrical engineers start the process by designing the circuits and defining the essential functions. Signals, voltages, outputs and inputs are specified. Special software is used to determine these specifications. It is then exported to programs that lay out the designs of the circuits. These programs are similar to those for computer-aided design. During this process, the layers of the wavers are defined. Firstly, a perfect crystal should be produced from silicon. It must be submerged slowly into a vessel with molten sand. Afterwards, the ingot (cylinder shaped pure silicon) is carefully withdrawn. The ingot is then thinly sliced, using a diamond saw and the sliced sorted, according the thickness of each wafer.

The manufacturers see to defects that occur during the slicing process. If the silicon surface is damaged or cracked after slicing, this is removed using a process known as lapping. If crystal damage is removed, they use etching to do so. The wafers are checked for flatness and thickness. During this step, they are checked for defects that occurred during the etching and lapping. An automated machine checks the thickness of each disk.

A layer of damage is created in the back by grinding it to approximately thirty-five microns. The wafer is then heated to a temperature of up to more than one thousand degrees Celsius for up to three hours. It is then cooled to below six hundred degrees Celsius. Uneven surfaces of the wafers need to be polished to create a flat and smooth surface. A final qualification check is done during which the manufacturer ensures the smoothness and thickness. During this check, specifications of the consumer will also be ensured before the products will be ready to produce. The price of wafers is determined based on the thickness and quality.

The wafers are blank when started and then built up in clean rooms. Photosensitive resistance patters are photo masked onto the surface. They are measured in micrometers or fractions right at the beginning of the process; therefore, the density is increased during each step. It is then exposed to UVB (short-wave) light. The areas that are unexposed are cleaned and etched away. Heated chemical vapors are then deposited onto the required areas and they are baked. The high heat permeates the vapors into the necessary areas. RF-driven sources of ions deposit 0+ or 02+ onto the zones in particular patterns.

The process is repeated several hundreds of times. During each step, the resolution of the circuits is greatly increased. The technology is constantly changing and with new technology comes denser packing of the features. The semiconductor waves or chips are manufactured at foundry for companies, which sell the chips. The system of silicon wafer processing is an interesting one and when we think about all the ways in which it affects our lives, it is truly amazing.

Synthetic silicone germanium is cornering the market, the goverments energy option is a scam.

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The Unlocked Nokia N900

The Nokia N900 Unlocked Phone/Mobile Computer includes a 3.5 inch touch screen that makes it very user friendly and accessible. No matter what you need to do, this device is compatible with many services, making it an excellent choice. Whether you carry AT&T or T-Mobile, this phone is totally compatible. Excellently optimized for 3G networks, excepting AT&T, this device will allow you to experience the advancements of technology in a way quite unlike anything else you have experienced. With its sleek design, it is just small enough to fit in your pocket, but it does worlds of things that contradicts its small size. It has full cellular voice and messaging capabilities, making it as able bodied as any of the most popular and advanced phones. With its QWERTY keyboard, you can easily text messages to your friends or make clear and crisp voice calls to anyone you would like. The powerful Maemo 5 operating system allows you to experience excellent browsing capabilities and functions in a way that would be hard pressed to be beaten by any other device. Feel free to check your email while on the run or to send a quick message, as the phone is designed to be a busy person's tool of convenience with its touch screen capabilities and its ability to slide out the keyboard for quick and easy typing use.

If you love taking pictures and capturing special moments, then the five mega pixel camera is exactly what you need to do this. Take pictures and store them on the memory space of the device, or take video with the camcorder options and preserve special moments forever and ever. The device includes GPS for navigation and location services so you will never get lost so long as you have this device near by. Not only that, but it offers a digital media player for amazing movie viewing experience as well as the ability to listen to music with the Bluetooth stereo capabilities. This device has taken a phone, a computer, and an excellent camera and merged it into an amazing device that will allow you to do so many things with just one item. It makes keeping in touch with people a breeze as you can access anyone anyway with the fast 3G connection and you can easily browse through the Internet capabilities with the high speed wireless broadband services. Not only that, but you can send and share all the videos and pictures you take, or you can text or talk through voice and know that you will have excellent reception as well as fast results when you send and receive messages.

Some features of the phone include the Ovi Maps that will allow you to find your way no matter where you are. Take this along with you when you go vacationing as it will help you find all the best restaurants and help you reach your destination on time and in a great manner. Also, you can use the PDF reader to read important documents, and the RSS reader is included as well. Furthermore, this device will transform your life as it has the ability to organize your world with tools such as a clock, notes, calculator, sketch pad, and calendar. Roberto Sedycias works as IT consultant for Polomercantil

Printed Circuit Boards - Understanding the Requirements of the European RoHS

The Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directive, a European project intended to decrease the environmental impact on electronic or electrical products in the waste stream and improve the recyclability of waste. Its initiative is to create electronic and electrical products that are sold in Europe to free of hazardous substances as of July 1, 2006. This means all companies that manufacture, import or rebrand electronic equipment destined for Europe must ensure their products comply with RoHS guidelines.Some manufacturers may find complying with RoHS costly and complex, but it will ultimately help them in the long run since there certain US states are passing their own ROHS regulations such as SB20 and SB40 in California.The Waste and Electrical Electronic Equipment (WEEE) directive, the catalyst behind RoHS, requires those who produce electronic equipment to take on the responsibility of recycling and/or recovering their products.Overview of the RoHS Directive and Its RequirementsSometimes confused with the movement for "lead-free" electronic production, the RoHS command focuses on six substances. Lead, a vital issue, and five other substances covered by the directive. The others include Hexavalent Chromium, Cadmium, Mercury, PBBs and PBDEs.Banned/Restricted Substance Use/Where Found in Electronics• Yellow pigments, phosphorescent coatings, paints, cadmium batteries, plastic additives, especially PVC and LEDs/detectors/devices.

• Lamps, lighting/bulbs (scanners, displays, projectors), pigments, Mercury Switches, paints and polyurethane materials (high gloss windows)

• Alloys, Hexavalent Chromium Metal finishes for deterioration protection- Chasses fastener- aluminum conversion coatings

• Flame retardants such as cables, housings, plastics, connectors and paints, (PBBs) Polybrominated Byphenyls

• (PBDE) Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers

• PVC cables- UV/heat stabilizers, chasses, washers, metal parts- Lead solder and interconnect paints, pigments, batteries, discrete components, sealing glasses, CRT glass, and piezoelectric devicesWho Must Comply and What Products Does It Cover?RoHS regulations include a wide class of products, including toys, sports, leisure, medical equipment, monitoring and control instruments, electrical/electronic instruments and IT/Telecom and consumer equipment.Producers may need to make changes to product design stipulations and command different production processes for the subassemblies and components they use in their products. The burden to comply lies with the producers, so they must direct the actions of PCB fabrication, materials, assembly, component and other supplies to make sure everything contributes properly to end-product compliance.Product ExceptionsProduction exceptions include industrial tools, medical equipment and replacement parts. Producers can supply "original equipment" or non-conforming replacement parts to repair a product sold into the market before the RoHS took effect. However, they cannot use non-conforming replacement parts to repair conforming parts.Typical Producer Compliance SequenceProducers must revisit all existing product designs and specifications and take the necessary steps to bring the products into compliance. Meanwhile, you may prepare specifications for new products early in the product development stage to ensure they comply with RoHS. This process may take weeks or months of work.The Impact on PCBs Even though lead stands among the six substances restricted, it is a main concern in Printed Circuit Board assembly. To comply with RoHS, PCBs need to make the transition to lead-free solders materials. Other materials used in PCBs will require replacement to comply with RoHS.For many years the electronic industries have used tin/lead solder to join the components to the printed circuit boards. The board fabricators have also used tin/lead solders as a surface finish to protect the copper from corrosion. The 63/37 tin lead ratio of solder fit well within the assembly thermal parameters and the physical limitations of the base materials. RoHS requirements have changed the rules! With the new directive, tin lead solders are not allowed and therefore major changes are required in the printed circuit board fabrication and assembly arenas to adapt to this. Companies have addressed these concerns in a manner that is beneficial to both the assembler and the end user of the printed circuit boards that we manufacture. Our lead free boards are made with laminate that have a higher Td (decomposition temperature) to withstand the increased temperature and dwell times required during assembly. The plating finishes that we can offer are also RoHS compatible. Currently the most commonly used lead free material is Isola IS410 and the lead-free finishes like immersion gold, immersion silver, immersion white tin or Lead free HASL (using SN100CL lead free solder from Florida CirTech).

Quality Printed Circuit Board Material That Fits Your Needs

Different PCB materials result in a variety of PBC specifications and prices in printed circuit board prototyping and production. There are 1 or 2 layer boards that just require on pre-preg "core" or multiple layer boards which use two or more types of cores in construction. Pre-preg, a material made of fine layers of fiberglass "pre-impregnated" with a bonding agent or metal core in a sheet form, has many different measures depending on the intended use and the desired thickness. The thickness of your board can vary from a couple mils thick for flex boards to a quarter inch thick for heavy burn in boards. Core materials resemble slim double-sided boards with dielectric materials such as fiberglass along with a copper foil placed on each side; these usually come in predefined thicknesses.PCB Prototype using FR4FR4, the most widely used family of substrates in printed circuit boards, is a glass fiber epoxy laminate. FR4 is the most standard material with higher numbers (such as FR4-06, FR4-08) have higher temperature coefficients and lower dielectric constants. FR4 has a starting Tg of 140 degrees Celsius, FR4-06 has a Tg of 170 degrees and as you move up the family, the temperature increases.PCB Prototype using Metal CorePopular in Light Emitting Diode printed circuits boards, Metal Core has great heat elimination. A single layer MCPBC contains a metal base, usually an aluminum and non-conduction layer, a copper circuit layer, IC components and a solder mask. The metal core acts as an amazing heat sinks, to ensure the safety of the LED's.PCB Prototype Using Polyimide for FlexibilityTougher than FR4, polyimide sustains hotter temperatures; this makes it ideal for use in electrical insulation applications that meet the class H requirements. The polyimide consists of a silicone adhesive design as well as a polyimide film built to withstand high temperatures. It protects edge connectors, gold edge fingers during wave soldering, and the reflow soldering processes during PCB assembly. Another interesting fact about polyimide is the color. While most boards come out green in color, polyimide is easily distinguishable by its brown color.PCB Prototype Using Teflon for High FrequencyPTFE/Woven glass base PCB materials require special drilling because when compared to FR4 the Teflon is soft. These materials do not carry the myth of being exotic any longer. PTFE/woven glass base materials give both rapid growth of applications operations and meet high-frequency demands on a material that has availability and proven performance.PCB Prototype Using Arlon for Longer Life at Higher TemperaturesUse Arlon materials for the PCB fabrication of high performance and frequency dependent printed circuit manufacturing. Common applications include those vulnerable to high temperatures during processing such as applications containing significant lifetime temperatures and lead-free soldering. Examples include under-hood automotive controls, down hole drilling, burn in boards, aircraft engine instrumentation and industrial sensors.Using Isola Range for PCB prototypeAdvanced circuitry applications use Isola range, a high performance FR-4 epoxy laminate and pre-preg system. Isola's low dielectric constant and low dissipation factor create the ideal material for broadband circuit designs that require a faster signal speed and/or better signal integrity. Isola is also the leading manufacturer of Lead Free materials, their IS410 and 370HR are the main materials used for ROHS compliant boards.

Insulin Delivery - Microfluidic Systems Have Potential to Help Millions of Diabetics

While "nanotechnology" has been a popular buzz word among investors and researchers, "microtechnology" has graduated from university research labs into commercialized realities. MEMS (Micro-Electro Mechanical System) technology has been around since the late 1970's, and had a huge surge in popularity in the 1990's with the telecommunications industry because it could be used to make fiber optic switches at the microscopic scale.Nowadays, MEMS devices are used commonly for digital projectors, accelerometers, automotive sensors, and medical applications. Based on silicon wafer integrated circuit (IC) etching technology, MEMS devices are actually mechanical actuators fabricated at the microscopic level.The Industry Sees BenefitsRecently, the pharmaceutical medical device industry has recognized the benefits of MEMS, leading to the development of a whole new industry of miniaturized, microfluidic drug delivery systems. Although many drugs are being used in microfluidic systems, the one that has held the most appeal for consumers and industry alike is insulin for diabetics. With insulin-dependent diabetes on the rise, there is a huge market for implantable, painless, automatic insulin devices that give precise dosages based on automatically sensed needs of the patient. As always, these devices need to be cheap, which means the MEMS fabrication process needs to be able to produce large volumes, something that has been a challenge until recently.According to the Centers for Disease Control, from 1997 to 2004, the incidence of diabetes among 45- to 79-year-old patients rose 43 percent. Now, about 12 of every 1000 people over 45 will become diabetic. This means about 3.6 million people in the United States in 2004 were diabetic. Looking at hospital discharges in 2005, over 6.4 million people were hospitalized for diabetes, and a conservative cost for these hospitalizations was $22 billion. Obviously, societal costs due to lost wages, lost earning years, and other medical conditions complicated by the presence of diabetes, would increase this figure dramatically.Diabetic patients often complain of how difficult it is for them to properly regulate their insulin dosage. Not only does it require them to collect a blood sample for analysis, but then they must administer that dose intravenously. In an elderly or obese patient, this is complicated by poor vision, lack of coordination, and fat, all of which make injecting a proper dose more difficult. Hospitals also make mistakes when administering drug doses, some reports putting these mistakes as high as 200,000 serious injuries and 7,000 deaths in the U.S. each year. Microfluidic drug delivery systems address all these problems and have additional advantages as well.Configuring Microfluidic SystemsMicrofluidic drug delivery systems have three main components; a needle array, a pump and valve system, and chemical sensors. The needle array is usually hundreds of microscopic silicon wafer etched needles with orifices for the drug to pass through. Because these needles are so small, they are painless, and yet their vast quantity delivers the drug instantly.The pumps and valves are also microfabricated, and can be integrated with the needle array and implanted under the skin. The pumps come in two varieties, either passive with some type of electrode or other stimulating means for fluid flow, or active with valves that can control the precise dose being administered at the micro-volume scale.The third and most important feature of MEMS insulin delivery systems is the chemical sensor which can detect the level of blood glucose in the patient and automatically administer a precise dose of insulin to correct their glucose levels. Thus, the patient and the hospital are removed from the maintenance process. The patient has a discreet, refillable insulin pouch, and all of the glucose control is maintained 24 hours a day with no pain, measuring, or administration required.Integrated Solutions Hold PromiseLeaders in the market for microfluidic insulin pumps, such as ISSYS, Eksigent, Debiotech, and Biophan, are all focusing on integrated solutions that can be produced in volume. They realize that the key to success will be to provide a low cost, complete system that can be implanted in an out-patient procedure, monitored by sensors within the sensor system, and refilled with insulin by the patient. The market for microfluidic insulin pumps is expected to reach $2 billion by 2010, with substantial continued growth over the following ten years.Biomedical applications are already the second largest application area for MEMS technologies after automotive; however, to date commercial success has been limited to sensors that measure physical (heart rate) rather than biochemical parameters (glucose). Other than glucose, there are no in vivo sensors in widespread clinical use for monitoring metabolites, such as cancer cells.Implantable drug infusion pumps were first used with terminally ill cancer patients in the 1980s, but these worked on a predetermined drug release schedule into the blood stream with no sensor feedback from the patient and no targeting of the drug to the cancerous cells. Now, researchers are beginning to use MEMS to improve the delivery of drugs to cancer cells.Breast Cancer, Blood Cells & PacemakersThe biochemical signals that guide breast cancer tumor cell migration are poorly understood, but new microfluidic devices designed specifically to track how breast cancer cells move in response to chemical signals are under development. This will allow doctors to decrease the amount of cell-killing drugs administered to the patient and allow the those drugs to target only the cancer cells, rather than any cells they contact. For women with breast cancer, this could mean an end to hair loss, debilitating fatigue, and other detrimental side effects associated with chemotherapy.Sandia National Labs has created a mechanized microfluidic device that can ingest red blood cells and alter them in a positive fashion. Eventually, they hope to expand their device to work with any cells in the body. The ultimate goal of the Sandia device is to puncture cells and inject them with DNA, proteins, or pharmaceuticals to counter biological or chemical attacks, gene imbalances, and natural bacterial or viral invasions.Electrical stimulation devices, such as the pacemaker and defibrillator, have been the most successful products of microelectronic implants. But now, pressure and flow sensors are being added to pacemakers to make them rate-responsive. This will enable patients to be more active, as the pacemaker will respond to increased or decreased demands according to the needs of the moment.In another electrical application, Transneuronix, Inc. has made an implantable gastric stimulator that applies electrical stimulation to the stomach wall. The company is currently conducting clinical trials for the treatment of severe obesity. Rather than a risky, expensive surgical procedure such as gastric bypass, the stomach will continue to digest food, but the stretch and chemical receptors in the wall of the stomach will provide neural feedback to the patient that they are full.And, Medtronics' "Activa" system delivers a mild electrical stimulation to block brain signals that cause tremors, such as Parkinson's disease.Opportunities Seem EndlessFor the medical device industry, this is a wake up call to seek out MEMS and microfluidic solutions to large-scale problems we face in the United States. With the growing epidemics of obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and cancer, there are countless opportunities for large and small companies alike to develop sensor-based diagnostic and therapeutic devices that will help patients live longer, healthier lives with less invasive procedures.

Y-series How To Think Positive - Optimism - Part II

Contd.Methods developing the trait of optimism in ones personality- Wear the dress of Confidence; remove the filtering goggles which give you only a partial filtered view- As a very constructive notion, "a lot grey in between black and white! Adopt this strategy as it is also said in Islam - contentment is a blessing. By levelling oneself to the median one can, alternatively, meet some positive criterion to sustain a happier life.- Construction of ideas to make free time busy! Enough to do and steer the thoughts- Courage to know Shake of the fear away!- The easiest way out is first to be cool and contented in all the daily matters. Keeping in mind that God has the final authority over single metabolic phenomenon in this universe. Then second thing is to get our self prepare for daily jobs. Energetic, friendly, cooperative and readiness to sharing the ideas with others are some influential progressing steps to optimism. When one is busy in such exercises he will be regarded as a person with high spirits.- Discover your personality and throw away your mask of negative thoughts!- Leave some things to be understood for the next moment of life. If you get mingled with some confusing situations, they will become clear if you take the time and re-consider them later in the part of the day.- keep regularity, consistency and punctuality in the daily tasks, at home or at the work place- Pay an attention to even the little matters in your life- If you are married, give the partner an empathetic listening ear, talk to her with all wisdom, humour, and respect. Share her demands and care her feelings. Listening with a thoughtful feeling would somehow help in going into the depth of that situation. And when you got the end of the rope, it is easier to spin up...- If you are a student with a special subject, then it is also recommended to spare some time extra from you specific studies. in order to peep into other subjects so that you can have a brief knowledge about what is going on around you.- One should guide himself in the time of distress by some guidelines. Such as reading religious pieces of information, books, and even the interviews of some successful historic leaders can bring some certain changes. With such changes one can start to think in a logical and positive way.- Build expectation in a positive sense only. The expectation is a natural phenomenon in human being. Parents develop certain foreseeing about their children. Human psychology pivots somehow on "expecting" rewards. So when an optimist expects considering his limits it paves some new ways to walk into his life- Another way which could be helpful is to communicate your ideas and enhance the views of thinking with your colleagues, your friends, the people somehow on you can trust to share the ideas.... Then you will see that there you get the courage to share your thoughts, and when you start that ability to improve, this is the first step to being optimistic.-Watch informative TV channels, movies or humorous clips. Bring smiles on your face.- Take part in indoor/out door games considerably. It gives you an environment which brings activities in your life - an outsourcing of wrong opinions and addition of new ideas and energy.- Put your things on the table in accordance to your working routine.- go into nature, parks, and entertainment tourist spots; spend some of your time in a year with your family to a place where you have not been before. Learn about that place, people, culture, food, social values, optimistically analyze and criticise. Store the information and interpret and share with your friendsAgainst Optimism - Pessimist views:Of course, the ups and downs are a big part of every human being in this world. The real taste of our life is to deal with them in a sound, healthy, wisely and correct way to tackle them. To be anxious and worried about some matters is natural and somehow part and parcel of everybody. Actually, what happens when one becomes pessimist is there exists an unlimited expansion of the world of our desires and longings which overwhelmingly surpass our capability to foresee the differentiating fact between acting in a positive way and overruling the guidelines. Here starts the pessimism and optimistic limits go to zero... This case is some how similar to rolling automatically on the inclined plane because to roll is easier. Opposite journey against the angle of inclination is a hard job to do! Similarly rising from a pessimistic situation to optimist views demands not only ones concentration but also a good insight knowledge of the blind consequences which would have been there if you had done things in unenthusiastic pattern!Religious and scientific background and conclusion:Developing intelligence and improvement in ones religious understanding affect the mental growth of that person. It's very simple because if you give the route map to your navigation system, you will reach the destination by following the right path. A religion is somehow a scientific land map which optimizes one to the hope and best results. Such activities bring wisdom, opens and brighten the intellectual spectrum with different ideas. When one goes into the depth of a trouble and contemplate according to the solutions of the experienced people, one can perceive his position after sometime. Consequently, scientific background and reasoning could also harmonize the life of a person.

Microelectronics Industry and Growth

The remarkable success of information and telecommunication technology within the last few decades has been facilitated by the phenomenal growth of the microelectronics technology. While nanotechnology has future prospects, microelectronics has already transformed global competition and commerce. It offers strategic advantages to firms, institutions and nations through its capacity to develop products and services cheaply and efficiently. It is the engine that drives present global commerce and industry.The world has experienced many new dimensions in knowledge acquisition, creation, dissemination and usage courtesy of this technology. The advancement of Internet and digital photography could all be linked to better performance from microchips. When microelectronics technology advances, a dawn emerges in global economy in speed, efficiency and capacity.Microelectronics is considered a very revolutionary technology noting the disruptions it has brought to the dynamics of the global economy via its different applications since its invention by Jack Kilby in the late 1950s. Of the gross world product (GWP), estimated (2007) at about $55 trillion (currency) (The Economist, 2008), microelectronics contributes more than 10%. Microelectronics is very pivotal to many emerging industries in the 21st century with a central position in the global economy. Because Internet, medicine, entertainment and many other industries cannot substantially advance without this technology, it has a vantage position in engineering education in many developed nations.These nations invest heavily in microelectronics education as in the United States, Canada and Western Europe where the MOSIS, CMC and Europractice programs respectively enable students to fabricate and test their integrated circuits for full cycle design and learning experience on integrated circuits. On the other hand, developing nations increasingly lag behind in adopting and diffusing this technology in their economies owing to many factors, which include human capital and infrastructure. Absence of quality technical education has contributed to stall the transfer, diffusion and development of microelectronics in both the emerging and developing economies.Microelectronics is a group of technologies that integrate multiple devices into a small physical area. The dimension is about 1000 larger than nanotechnology dimension; micrometer vs. nanometer. Usually, these devices are made from semiconductors like silicon and germanium using lithography, a process that involves the transfer of design patterns unto a silicon wafer. There are accompanying processes which include etching, oxidation, diffusion, etc. Several components are available in microelectronic scale such as transistors, capacitors, inductors, resistors, diodes, insulators and conductors.The microelectronics can be divided to its subfields which in turn are connected to other micro related fields. These subfields are micro electromechanical systems (MEMS), nanoelectronics, optoelectronics and single electron devices. Integrated circuits or microchips are typical microelectronic devices, which can be found in computers, mobile phones, medical devices, toys and automobiles. There is a high level of convergence between nanotechnology and microelectronics. The major difference lies in the size of the materials; nonetheless, the techniques are very different.Complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) transistor is the most common transistor used in the industry owing to its ease of integration and low static power dissipation. Bipolar junction transistor is another popular version. With the sizes of CMOS transistor in the nanometer range, the behaviors of the transistors are radically affected by parasitic noise and power dissipation. These problems pose potential challenges to the continuous progress of CMOS technology and microelectronics industry in general.The survivability of Moore's Law, (after Gordon Moore, co-founder of Intel Corp) which states that the numbers of transistors in a semiconductor die double every 18 to 24 months, is presently challenged if engineers cannot downscale the transistor size any further efficiently. This scaling has been the driver that has enabled microelectronics products to improve in speed, capacity and cost-efficiency. Many efforts have been geared to overcome the problems faced in the industry as transistors scale into the deep nanometer. They include improving the structure of the metals and polysilicon materials used in making the devices, more enhanced doping profile, new materials to keep the industry alive and well into the future.

Domestic IC Companies Take Center Stage

Local IC suppliers in China have been developing in-house solutions, which have helped reduce prices of consumer electronics products. They are now working to produce chips for a wider range of applications using more advanced process technologies.Adopting turnkey solutions has helped design companies in China to become the main IC supply group for white-box consumer electronic factories in the country, due mainly to function-packed releases and low costs. Such products are said to meet the requirements not only of suppliers that cater to the domestic market but also export manufacturers and overseas buyers.Having garnered success in capturing some market share from international players, suppliers are now focusing on improving their capability to fabricate chips for more applications. These include SIM cards, mobile phone basebands, portable media players or PMPs, and audio and video processors.Some IC providers have even started mass production using the 65nm process technology. Among these are Hisilicon, ZTE's Microelectronics Research Institute and Nationz. Analysts project that in the next few years, IC suppliers will be able to design chips for, netbooks, LED lighting solutions, medical and automotive electronics, and industrial computers.There are currently more than 400 IC design companies in China, most of which are small businesses with less than 100 employees. Only 30 earn more than $30 million annually, with just five breaching the $100 million mark. These are Hisilicon, Telegent, Availink, Spreadtrum and RDA Microelectronics. But with the speed at which the industry is developing, it is believed several IC design companies will be generating $500 million in annual revenue by 2013.Following the steps of mobile phone IC designersMobile phone IC providers in mainland China, including Spreadtrum, RDA Microelectronics, SG Micro and GalaxyCore, engage mostly in baseband and RF chips for GSM and 3G standards. They are also involved with operational amplifiers, LED and video drivers, power management ICs, and CMOS image sensors. These companies, together with Taiwan's MTK, are responsible for promoting turnkey solutions in the mobile phone manufacturing industry, and lowering the technical threshold and production costs.Now, white-box mobile phones in the mainstream feature standard and popular applications such as multimedia playback, digital cameras, e-book readers and WAP browsing. The price of an entry-level phone, meanwhile, dropped to $28 from about $100. Spreadtrum is said to be the first to enable dual mode and standby on a single baseband chip, which then became a basic GSM feature from China mobile phone makers.The second-largest mobile phone IC supplier in the mainland, Spreadtrum's market share grew from 4 percent in Q1 2009 to 15 percent in August 2010, and is projected to increase further to 20 percent by year-end. White-box makers in Shenzhen said Spreadtrum's 6600L costs approximately $1 less than a similar model from MTK. This is significant cost savings when average earnings per mobile phone exported is $1.50.The success of turnkey solutions in the mobile phone IC industry encouraged consumer electronic IC suppliers to develop a similar business model. These include companies designing ICs for PMPs, GPS units, netbooks and e-book readers.Turnkey solutions helped domestic PMP IC suppliers to gain market share. Back when audio MP3 playback was the key feature of PMPs, SigmaTel and Philips dominated IC supply. By adopting turnkey solutions, local IC design company Actions was able to release a PMP chip that supports image and e-book viewing, and audio and video playback. Although not the best solution at that time, its low cost and easy availability made it a popular alternative to imported models, most of which are priced two or three times higher.Since then, local design companies, including Fuzhou Rockchip Electronics Co. Ltd, have become the main IC supply group for PMPs. Among the milestones are support for AVI, RMVB format, 720p and 1080p HD, and multiple formats.Fuzhou Rockchip entered the smartphone line in late 2009, and released the RK2816 in August 2010. The chip is designed to work on an Android platform, and supports 800x480 resolution, 720p HD, G-Sensor, full-screen touch and HD output. It is touted as a mainstream IC solution for white-box makers of devices patterned after the iPad.Arayon, meanwhile, offers capacitive touchscreen modules that cost 25 percent less than what Taiwan-based Wintek provides for the iPad. The module passed Microsoft's multitouch test, supports Windows mobile, CE, XP and 7 OS, Android, and Linux.The SaiLun paper screen from Guangzhou OED can reportedly reduce e-book reader retail prices from about $130 to$75. At roughly $45 per unit, E Ink screens account for 60 to 70 percent of e-book readers' materials and components costs. The less expensive version from Guangzhou OED can support viewing of up to 15,000 pages, and flash and video playback. It comes in many colors and has a 20-millisecond refresh time.

Magellan-Roadmate-Add-ons

Magellan Roadmate Components For Your NavigationIf you are investing in acquiring a Magellan Gps navigation navigation program, there are several Magellan Roadmate Accessories. The require to protect your obtain is a concern. Figuring out that you have purchased engineering also brings a need to for optimum performance. This can be accomplished by buying the available equipment for your Roadmate.A extremely essential accent for the Global positioning system is the motor vehicle energy adaptor. This adaptor will permit electrical power to the Gps method in a automobile that has an outlet for the adaptor. This adaptor will cost the batter so the Gps navigation functions. When a obtain is created, there will be an adaptor for the car, but occasionally it will get damaged or lost. You can easily substitute it with a new one particular.If you will need your Global positioning system charged and do not want to sit in your vehicle or use the power from your vehicle, you can purchase an AC adaptor available. You can use this adaptor exactly where ever an electrical outlet is available. The electrical power will be there constantly as it is plugged into the outlet.

The Navigation can be attached to the windshield with a windshield mount. This merchandise can be enhanced with the basic cradle. This will permit simple accessibility to the Gps and this will assist decrease the distraction of viewing the Gps navigation although driving. The cradle adds a safer holder to guard the Navigation.For increased sign reception, there is the FM antenna motor vehicle power adaptor. This a single accessory will present two providers. The adaptor will improve signal reception, energy the system in the automobile and recharge the battery.Visitors Website link is an additional excellent alternative for the Roadmate. This characteristic will update your process with up to date traffic. This assists prevent accidents and delays. The street incidents are up to the minute and delivered to your Global positioning system screen.There are SD memory cards accessible for the process as nicely. The playing cards arrive in diverse sizes based mostly on what you require to retailer. You have the capability to customize your Gps navigation with photos, private points of interest, cellphone numbers, music and much more.

Whichever Magellan Roadmate Equipment you determine are essential to you, they will assist you safeguard and enhance your Global positioning system obtain. Understanding that you have the capability to increase on your buy tends to make it less difficult to uncover a Gps navigation method that is customized just for you.

Business Bright Chances in Pakistan - A Review (Part III)

Part III 6: Renewable Energy sources - Solar Energy Just one square cm of the Sun's surface burns with the brightness of 232,500 candles.- "A half an hour of the Sun's Energy which reaches the Earth's surface in a full sunny day can meet the whole world's energy demands for almost a year"The renewable energy resources are the best alternative to the available power generations at the moment in Pakistan! In preference to various reasons and compared with other renewable sources of Energy, the solar power can be a major part of the contributing feature in the power generation. Most of the day time in summer is about 13 - 16 hours and in winter 8 - 10 hours. One can avail this natural facility by situating a solar plant into the industry or home purposes. One can compare like one standard hour of sun light in summer can provide a good amount of electricity with a 1 square meter of a solar generator array. The comparison of the budget in the construction of a plant and usage of electricity from other resources would with roughly estimates to be at least 1/4th of the hydro power generated by limited amount of the water.Thinking ahead, one can offer a good opportunity to setup the industry in collaboration with the state of the art technology. Alternatively the villages which are far off to the main power supplies and where the access to the power lines is a bit complicated, this method to generate light is/can be a major alternative. Currently Pakistani government is focusing on this theme of the projects, but there is still a big room for the sector of the business. Comparing advantages and disadvantages one can say, the renewable energy sources would be a great point-of-care for in near future because it's cheap, easy to install and pollution free or environmental friendly way to fulfil human needs. Solar technology can be practically used in cooking as well...For a standard comparison between various photovoltaic modules, the worldwide test conditions have been defined: the current and voltage measurement and the output performance is considered under specific conditions of irradiance, temperature, and area (1000W/m2, 25 °C). Generally one can get about 50W of power from a standard panel.7: Public Transport Agencies Since last decade the government has been trying to establish good relations with international companies. Namely Daewoo and Volvo participated into providing a good quality transport facilities. Many other companies for the construction and transport purposes should open new dimensions to the business. The private investment in public transportation should be patronized by government. Working in association with National Highway Authority - NHA, Advertising companies and can bring good revenue too. Advertising agencies responsible for the marketing of the products across the country roads, the petrol stations and sub-way restaurants and hotels would be an encouraging point of investment and growing business.Chief Motor vehicles are buses, coaches, personal cars and LoriesHolding shares in Daewoo - a world-renowned group of companies Korea - which keeps striving for global uplift. Year after year Daewoo has become a name of responsibility and trust. It has already been laid down 6-lane Motorway between Lahore and Islamabad. Stretching over about 300 km is not only prelude at Daewoo but is also one of the many landmarks in the world of transportation & communication, which any country can feel proud of.8: Foreign Investment Schemes:Personally speaking, this tip is the most valuable and profitable for the international investors in developing countries. Businessmen from the foreign countries are encouraged to participate in the flourishing business. The example given is the Automobile industries. Collaboration with Honda, Toyota and Suzuki is currently bringing a lot fruitful chances into the financial aspects of the country. Investing capital by multinational companies can be optimized by employing flexible terms for the import and export of the home manufactured materials at relatively lower/flexible market prices.-Capital investment in home-industries to medium scale-Investment can be in the form of useable equipments, instruments for industrial, research or hospital purposes, for example proving good quality equipment at somehow flexible rates or leasing or financing schemes etc... 9: Education Sector: A good chance for foreigners to do Business: The introduction of foreign languages can be a growing business in Pakistan. The reason is many folds: because it is the demand of coming time; easier communication with the developed countries; one can be a cosmopolitan; learns other cultures; opens optimistic ways of livings, etc... The key role in opening bilateral talks and conversations is to first learn the language of that part of the world.Example is if we want good connections with Germany, a good possible way is to govern an institute for the basic international languages by foreign teachers. Founding a multilingual school specializing in German, English, French, Spanish and Chinese in some of the advanced cities, like Lahore, Islamabad, Karachi, Faisalabad, and some industrial cities like Gujranwala, Sialkot, Gujarat, Rawalpindi would indeed be a good progressive setup not only in the business but also improving the educational background of the cities.

How to Improve Microelectronics Penetration in Africa

Microelectronics is recognized as a very important technology that can lift Africa's economy if it can penetrate into the economy. There have been many challenges associated with making this technology widespread in the continent. They include inadequacy of quality teachers, equipment and tools, social amenities, among others.The following under listed ideas are proposed are ways that can help in diffusing microelectronics in Africa by working with foreign universities and institutions that can provide technical and managerial supports to organizations in Africa.Internet Virtual Classroom (IVC)

This is a 'classroom' on the Internet where instructors and students interact via computers. Besides lecture notes, VOIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) phone, live-chats and online-conferencing are vital components of this classroom resources. The motivation is to create a virtual traditional classroom on the web and educate students separated by physical distance from the instructors.Many European and US universities use IVC to coordinate their satellite campuses and distance education programs. It offers to Africa a framework through which they can tap the pool of their experts in Diaspora, which increasingly prefer to live in the developed nations.The importance of IVC is to solve the problem of lack of quality microelectronics tutors in the continent by connecting people in the developed world to educate students in Africa.By implementing IVC across the continent, it would be easy for African nations to absorb new ideas and technologies through seamless interactions with the external world. Think of engaging a professor of microelectronics from MIT teaching students in University of Nigeria, Nsukka. That experience and connection can lead to new insights from the students. Any process that helps to expose students and small firms to microelectronics will facilitate its transfer.Telepresence Technologies

The telepresence technologies, like the ones offered by Cisco and Digital Video Enterprises, would become one of the most important ways to connect students and instructors in developed nations and Africa. With a high-speed technology that provides high bandwidth, these technologies can help leverage the skills of experts in developed nations to advance technical education in Africa.It also offers a good platform to link citizens of developing nations in Diasporas who are experts in microelectronics to make contributions in their native nations. These citizens can live in their adopted nations while assisting their native ones in developing this important technology.Telepresence refers to a set of technologies which allow a person to feel as if they were present, to give the appearance that they were present, or to have an effect, at a location other than their true location.Telepresence offers some advantages in terms of virtual reality, which cannot be easily produced in IVC. Telepresence offers 'live' classroom despite the small latency and can be a very effective two-way communication between the experts in developed nation and students in Africa working in labs or classrooms. With it, direct supervision of experiments or homework is possible.Through this technology, it would be possible for anyone in any place with network connection and Telepresence equipment to educate and train Africans, either in the public or private workplaces. Because of its efficiency, it can easily translate to good results where people master skills that used to require traveling abroad locally. Many universities in the United States have these tools and if African schools can acquire them, there would be possibilities of integrating world class experts in teaching in African schools.Multi-platform foundries

The availability of experts who can teach the students is not enough, the students must actually have to practically learn and design. That is why multi-platform foundries are required, to provide foundry services to students and universities. Through this process, they will have improvements in skills, develop competence and can potentially graduate to establish small and medium enterprises which will help in the diffusion process of microelectronics.One way of realizing this practical exposure is to have a continental level fabrication service similar to MOSIS of USA, Europractice of Western Europe and CMC of Canada. Through this, students will have the opportunity to design, fabricate and test their microelectronic systems. This is one area African Union NEPAD can help to assist microelectronics education in Africa. They can fund or subsidize these programs for African universities.Nothing teaches better than doing. By focusing on developing foundries, Africa will empower its universities and SMEs to have practical skills which will be spur innovation and competence. As they develop and grow, many multinational firms will like to tap into the skills. The continent enjoys fairly good labor costs. This means that many will come to build plants to benefit from these skills. That is how microelectronics transfer will take place in the continent.The foundry is a solid infrastructure that drives many programs on microelectronics. It will be necessary to develop capability in the knowledge industry. By building them, a process that creates an environment for microelectronics transfer will be implemented in the continent.Enabling Environments for SME

Africa was able to diffuse information technology consumption through a business-center model where small and medium enterprises (SME) educated and trained clients for small fees. Governments must provide the enabling environments in the forms of electricity, telecommunication, and other infrastructures.A good business environment will help the SMEs to grow and that will help them to enter into joint ventures and partnerships with external firms. Doing this will help them get skills and expertise that will improve the technology landscape of Africa. China has done remarkably well because of the institutional support from its leaders. The reforms and developments have helped many Chinese firms to partner with western firms. In the process, they have transferred technologies to China and China is doing great. Africa must do the same by having an environment that promotes business.It is important to know that without enabling environment in the areas like power, property rights, transport, Africa will find it harder to absorb new technologies like microelectronics and nanotechnology since the scale of trade and partnership will be smaller.Open Design Academic Program

The big divide between the microelectronics education in developing nations and developed ones will require a coordinated program to bridge it. We propose formation of Microelectronics Academic Network in each African nation. This will offer the schools the platform to seek for discounts from CAD (computer aided design) manufacturers, multi-platform foundries and efficiently share and collaborate on designkits and techfiles as the license owners provide them.This will become a hi-tech equivalent of open source software development, but within a national level. A coordinated continental program will only focus on fabrication because of the expensive nature of the equipment.The continent must pursue a plan to work to support its tertiary institutions to share resources and collaborate in the process of developing microelectronics.Education Package for Diffusion

Microelectronics is vast; accordingly, efforts must be made to develop the right format as African students are being engaged. There should be scholarships supported by NEPAD to send African students for trainings on microelectronics related areas.In summary, the 21st century is a knowledge century and knowledge will rule modern man. A bottom-up creative technology programs are necessary in Africa towards sustainable transformations into knowledge economy, especially with Africa's plan for a common currency with potentials of delivering larger market.Due to the high-specialized skills and capital-intensive nature of microelectronics, good technical education is a prerequisite for sustainable adoption and diffusion across Africa. Also, new applications like IVC and Telepresence could be vital along with a coordinated and planned academic network designed and implemented at both national and continental levels.There is need for more economic, social and industrial coordination in the continent. Africa must reform various sectors in accordance with industry trends. Education, especially technical education, must be supported. Efforts must be geared in adopting microelectronics as its offers to stimulate the integration dynamics by delivering knowledge products which are homogeneous and hence can mitigate impacts of trade shocks across regions.